YOU are better than YOU think. Show yourself  how:  

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 Logic chapters 1 to 5  re- appear not in sequence, as is or longer,  in  Volume 1A,  Pattern Based Reason, Bon Appetite.

Logic Mastery
 Amazing, Amusing, Amorous,  Delicious, Delightful, Edifying, Strengthening Elixir. 
It eases work & learning difficulties Makes the hard easier. Opens eyes. Leads to greater precision.
in reading and
writing

Logic mastery makes the hard, easier. Logic mastery  leads to better, stronger and richer comprehension.  Logic mastery  improves reading and writing.  Logic mastery ease learning difficulties.  Logic mastery gives a headstart.  In sum, logic mastery  will develops critical thinking, improve reading and writing, and give a firmer base for work and studies at many levels. Good luck.

After logic,   (a) continue reading Three Skills for Algebra, chapters 8 to 14  and do so alongside site area on solving liinear Equations ; or (b) see this calculus starter lesson and Volume 3, Why Slopes  & More Math, chapters 2 to 6;

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What may be learnt and when depends on how skills and concepts are developed. Making the hard easier and clearer will allow earlier & richer development of skills and concepts.

Try the Twiddla Whiteboard. In principle, it  allows to people to draw and chat together online on a copy of this webpage or a clean sheet. The chat may be via text or audio.  Visit www.twiddla.com to set up whiteboards to work with the webpage of your choice.

For online automated help in senior high school maths & calculus, visit  quickmath.com  For Automatic Calculus and Algebra Help with derivatives, integrals, graphs, linear equations, matrix algebra, visit calc101.com  With  overlap, each site quickmath & calc101offers a different range of services, some free, some not, all based on webmathematica. Good luck.

Chapter 18
Rules for Algebra

Previous: Product Grouping and Ordering

7  Powers: Bases and Exponents

Instead of writing r ×r, we write r². Instead of writing r ·r ·r, we write r³. Let n be a whole number. The expression rⁿ stands for r times itself n times. For example,

• r¹ = r,
• r² = r·r,
• r³ = r²·r = (r·r)·r,
• r⁴ = r³·r = ((r·r)·r)·r,
• r⁵ = r⁴·r = (((r·r)·r)·r)·r ,
• r⁶ = r⁵·r = ¼

The letter r above can be replaced by any other symbol or shorthand expression for a real number or quantity. Some examples with numbers follow.

22 = 2·2 = 4 103 = (102)·10 = 100 ·10 = 1000 54 = 53 ·5 = 5·5 ·5 ·5 = 25 ·25 = 625

The following equalities hold when you deal with powers. Here let n and m represent whole numbers.

rn·rm = r(n+m) rn rm = r(n-m) = 1 rm-n .

More can be said, but that is left for another text.

More Chapter Sections: [ Up ] [ 18 Changing Formulas ] [ 18. Proper Use of Equal Sign ] [ 18. Replacement & Substitution ] [ 18 Real Numbers & Quantities ] [ 18 Rules for Algebra ] [ 18 Sums as Factors I ] [ 18 Sums as Factors II ] [ 18 Addition Properties ] [ 18 Sum Associative Property ] [ 18 Sums and Number 0 ] [ 18 Replacing Subtraction by Addition ] [ 18 Times Properties ] [ 18 Sum Grouping and Ordering ] [ 18 Product Associative Property ] [ 18 Products with the Number 1 ] [ 18 Product Grouping and Ordering ] [ 18 Power Rules ] [ 18 To Divide, Multiply ] [ PS: Rules for Fractions and Division ] [ 18 Inconsistent Nttn ]

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2. Three Skills for Algebra 

Foreword, Chapters 
& Appendices 

Foreword
1. Introduction
2. Implication Rules
3. Chains of Reason
4. Romeo and Juliet
4. Induction Mathematical
5 Knowledge Islands
6  Old Language
7  Arith Skill Check
7. The Next Chapters
8 The Three Skills
8 VNR-Concise-Encyclopedia
PS. What is a Variable
9. Algebra Talk
10 Two More Skills
11 Why Shorthand
12 Shorthand Usage
13 What's Next
14 Compound Interest
15 Linear Equations
PS I.  Distributive Law
PS II. Polynomials
16 Painless Proofs
17 Pythagoras
18 Rules of Algebra
19  Functions & Sets
20 Degrees & Radians
21 What's Next
22. Arith & Geometric Sums
23 Summation Notation
24 Your Money
25 Induction & Recursion
26 What's Next
27 Pronouns in Logic
28 Occurrence Tables
29 Contrapositive
30 Truth Tables
31 Indirect Reason
A. Advice For Learning

Real Player Videos Perfect arithmetic skills with whole numbers & fractions after or besides chapters 1 to 14. Arithmetic Videos Summary Addition with Decimals Subtraction with Decimals Multiplication with Decimals Fraction Arithmetic Recognizing Primes Long Division for Decimals Square Root Simplification Greatest Common Divisors Least Common Multiples

Words Before Symbols: 
What is a Variable?
Introduction
Variation between Examples
Variation of Letters
A letter denotes a variable
Cases of Double Variation
Three Notions of a Variable
Constants, Parameters
& Variables
Talking about numbers
Dependent or Independent
Variable, a Matter of Choice

Complex number: starter lesson  

Solving Linear Equations:

A. Letters and Lengths
B. & C. Solving Linear Eq'ns
with stick diagrams.

(i) x + 20 = 29
(ii) 2x + 5 = 20
(iii) 3x + 10 = 32
(iv) 5a + 16 = 3a+ 24
(v)  (½)x + 8 = 24½
(vI)  (¾)a + 16 = (¼)a+ 24
(vii) (¾)q + 17 = 32
(viii) 13 =[2/3]x +7 twice
(x) Animated Examples
(i) Integral Coefficients (A)
(ii) Integral Coefficients (B)
(iii) Fractional Coefficients
(iv) With Parameters

Problem Solving with Linear
Equations in one or many
unknowns, and in essentially 
one unknown - Symbols before
words. 

C. Solving Linear Eq'ns 
without
Stick Diagrams
D. Problems in 
essentially one unknown
E: 2D Systems - Sub Methods.
F. Larger Systems

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