Original Site Title: Appetizers and Lessons for Mathematics and Reason, June 1995 to April 2012. New site title:
Logic and Mathematics Skill & Concept Development with How-TOs Français: 26 pages
for college students, gifted teens, home-tutoring and K1-12 schooling; and for avid readers in school and out. See site volumes.

Logic 5 Chapters Arithmetic 10 Steps Algebra 12 Starter Steps & 5 Advanced Steps
Work & Study 23 Tips Geometry 15 Steps Calculus 70 Lessons. See Site Map

Ages 15+: Why study slopes Polynomials Quadratics Why factor polynomials Logarithms Functions
What is similarity Euclidean geometry leanly Coordinates + complex no.s Vectors DC Electric Circuits
Ages 12+: Prime factorization Written work formats Decimal place value Extend arithmetic skills orally
What is a variable 5. Fraction Operations by Raising Terms Solving Linear Equations: Take I Take II


Online Volumes: 1 - Elements of Reason, 2 - 3 Skills For Algebra, 3 - Why Slopes and
More Math
, 1A - Pattern Based Reason, 1B - Skill Development Principles + Troubles

Welcome: Site content may develop critical thinking, improve reading and writing, and build mathematics skills. See online chapters on on logic and pattern based reason.

Teachers: This December 2011, 5-phase framework offers a context for mathematics & logic instruction. Phases 1 to 3 focus on skills with actual or potential value for adult & daily life. College-oriented phases 5 & 4 focus on calculus & preparation for it. Phases 1 to 4 may also serve trades & professions not dependent on calculus.

Site Review: Math resources ... span ... arithmetic, logic, algebra, calculus, complex numbers, and Euclidean geometry. Lessons and how-tos .... provide a good foundation for high school and college ... mathematics. Read more.

Home < Work and Study Tips << R Why Learn Mathematics Skills

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Why study or master SOME mathematics

The aim here is to say why and how to study mathematics without giving too little nor too much motivation. Education, yours or that of others, is not yet a tidy affair. The advice below may appear with some repetition at this website.

Most people learn mathematics until circumstances force to them to stop, or until the subject becomes too hard or until they lose interest. Failure or near failure is one way to halt learning in a subject, and leave a last impression not worth repeating.  Mathematics courses, being compulsory, are not designed to leave a good last impression. Mathematics courses, being compulsory, are designed to cover topics. One by one, the topics need not be important or of immediate use, but altogether or cumulatively, the topics provide or point to a skill, a mastery of mathematics.

Despite these adverse circumstances, reasons for studying mathematics and making it compulsory exist. 

The ability to read, write and figure well is a required  for many disciplines including mathematics. Imprecision in reading leads you to not understanding and not recognizing errors in the writings of others and yourself.  Students who read, write and figure well are easier to teach and will do better than others in all subjects. To show that you are teachable is one reason to learn mathematics.  But there are others reason.

  • Logic and mathematics starting with arithmetic onwards may show you how to follow steps, one at a time and one after another, for arriving at results or conclusions, one at a time and after another. Learning that an error in one step make all the following steps and results or conclusions wrong or a least suspect (errors could cancel if you are lucky) is a step towards cautious wisdom or intelligence. This wisdom or intelligence applies to all subjects.

  • Mathematics or any other rule and pattern based discipline may show through experience and trial or error, how to solve problems first  by following given methods and later, if needed,  by combining and exploring different methods, by trial and error, opportunistically or with some advance knowledge of what may work.  I call this the jigsaw puzzle approach.

  •  Mastering it in one subject, say mathematics, gives you a wisdom, applicable to all. Understanding or least using patterns one at a time and one after another, while figuring, while sewing, while cooking, while building a model car or airplane, or while rebuilding a mechanical instrument such a bike or car, all points to a  jigsaw puzzle approach to problem solving, applicable in all subjects, circumstance permitting.  Tackling easy to challenging cross-word puzzles also demand a trial and error approach to problem solving.  Here the early clues and entries in the crossword puzzles may help in later ones. Playing games of chance, checkers or chess may also lead to an interest and practice in problem solving.

More Reasons For Mastering SOME Mathematics

  • Mastering arithmetic by hand or with a calculator is needed in the calculating weights, measures and amounts (money included) that appear in daily life.  If you can do arithmetic and estimate the results of calculations in your head, then you can catch or double check the figuring of others or your electronic calculator.  Incorrect numbers that appear in one step of a calculation make all the rest wrong. Tax forms give step by step instructions for calculating your taxes with arithmetic and a minimal use of formulas because government assume no competence in algebra. Arithmetic and not algebra is required for computing your taxes.  That is good to know :) And it is possible to have a thought-based comprehension of why methods for arithmetic work - a comprehension I would like to see offered or given in school.

  • Algebra may begin with formulas or methods for calculating areas, perimeters and volumes of common geometric objects in the line, plane or space. But there is more to algebra than following steps in a calculation, evaluating a formula or programming a calculator to evaluate a formula for you.  Rules (assumptions) in algebra say when different calculations will give the same result. Applying these rules one at a time and one after another allows you to solve problems algebraically and to algebraically obtain formulas for calculating numbers and quantities.  There is more to algebra than just doing arithmetic or being given a formula and numbers to use in it.  Algebra at full strength involves the thought-based derivation of formulas, that is, of explanations why they work.

  • For  life, now or in the future, you should meet and master formulas or methods for calculating areas, perimeters and volumes, and you should meet and understand formulas or computation methods needed for loans, pensions and investments,  for shop keeping or buying and selling with markups or markdowns. This understanding should go beyond using the formulas. You should understand how the formulas may be obtained or justified. With regrets, you may take several high school and college mathematics courses without covering the simple formulas and methods for money computations. That leaves you unable to compare precisely different options for earning, investing or borrowing money. Slight differences between different options may cost you years of work. Caveat Emptor.  Understand the origins of formulas in money computations and beyond, helps avoid costly errors in their use. Again, algebra at full strength involves the thought-based derivation of formulas, that is, of explanations why they work.

  • Beyond money computations and simple formulas for areas, volumes, weights and measures, algebraic calculations are not needed or not commonly used. Most calculations can be done without comprehension of why they work.   But the further study and use of accounting (money matters), carpentry, engineering, science and computers  involves formulas or calculating methods based on and described with algebra, geometry, trigonometry and calculus. Here the why is important to understand the computational theories given and why they work or don't. 

  • Probability and statistics are further topics in mathematics, in fashion at the moment.  The calculation of odds, chances and probability involves algebra and may involve a knowledge of sets and functions for modeling and calculation. Modeling and calculation starting from assumptions may be done precisely, but an error or doubt in the assumptions makes all the modeling or calculation suspect.  Not all is certain. The uncertainty may begin with the assumptions made to calculate probabilities.  Statistics is useful in the  measurement or estimation of numbers and the error or variation in the estimates. Estimates may be given by average. A small variation or none in the estimate is best. A small variation in estimate may allow you say a given number or quantity will be near a certain value. In social situations in contrast to physical situations,  statistics for income,  productivity, the price of a car or house, does not concentrate around a single value. Large variation in a number or quantity that is observed implies that the calculation of averages give little or no information.  And in sports, averages without mention of variations in performance may appear as a source of admiration for professional athletes and as possible source for computing the odds of a team or horse winning the next game or competition. The initial motivation for calculating probability came from gambling in games of chance. Calculating the odds of winning might be enough discourage you from purchasing lottery tickets but for the hope such purchases may provide. This site author does not purchase lottery tickets, except in social circumstances where the expectation of losing is offset by the knowledge that the purchase benefits a charity.

Each item and skill in the further study of mathematics may not be important or useful by itself. Yet the items and skills in mathematics altogether, cumulatively, have a greater and greater use in obtaining and describing calculations, and in describing the calculations and assumptions that appear in many disciplines. Mathematics courses are designed to problem solving skills, rote or opportunistic, and to provide a growing knowledge of ideas and skills that altogether, if not individually, may be useful in further study. If you follow how to obtain and justify formulas for calculations with money,  the mastery of further ideas in mathematics involves similar and further ideas.  Each method of algebraic reason can be recycled and eventually will be if you move from topic to topic.

Theories without examples are vacuous

 Your task is watch for examples and read them if need-be whenever a theory is presented.  Theories full of abstract or remote ideas without examples to illustrate or apply them provide a vacuous or empty knowledge.   

Skill has to be seen to belived

 Skill mastery in mathematics has to be seen to believed.  To that end,  learn or teach how-to write and draw the steps in mathematical figuring or  reasoning  clearly. Do not try to save space by doing a sequence of step in one place. Instead, do or record the steps in sequence on a separate lines to make each step obvious and verifiable.   

Teachers & Tutors: Site pages offer better or best practices for providing skills - simpler than expected & comprehensive but for exercises. For your charges, your duty is to study them alone or in groups and develop skill building exercises & activities to share. Start now. The effort here is the best I can do. Others are welcome to refine or exceed it. Please do.

Secondary Mathematics for Ages 11+, A Practical Approach for home-tutoring or -schooling, or for schools & colleges with local curriculum control. Study how to include site content - its skill development how-TOs and innovations into present or future lesson plans - some reading required.

Road Safety Messages and Questions: When and why should you face traffic when walking along a road or cycle path? Is it a good idea to hang limbs outside of cars etc? What gives more protection in a crash: a car, motorbike or bicycle? See too, the BBC-Belgium story Texting and Driving - texting & the impossible test - the article links to a gruesome utube video on the subject

The Logic of Injustice: How Texas sent an innocent man to his death - The wrong Carlos. Some judgments are irreversible. Procescution: Where and when prosectors play to win rather than for justice, guilt beyond a reasonable doubt goes unrespected due to prosecutors who putting winning first, those innocence before the law may be convicted. Some procescutors offices in continuing to accuse after a pardon due to reasonable doubt or innocent being shown, may sucessfully oppose compensaton for false convictions by asserting a pardon individual is still under suspicion. Then the pardoned individual or the latter's estate is not compensation for years or decade of improper or false imprisonment, or for execution. Site chapters on Logic
and some in Pattern Based Reason may slowly lead to greater precision in reading, applying and writing laws.

May 2012, Composition Starting: Pre-School and Primary Mathematics - Quantitative Skills, An Intellectual View, Feedback Welcome:

The 8 Most Popular Site Inlinks

20 Times Table - the most popular site page - popular pages - unexpected.
Fractions & Ratios - with lesson on raising terms to introduce & justify times, division & comparison as well addition & subtraction
Parent Center - See below
Volume 1, Elements of Reason - Intro to all site books.
What is a Variable - best for ages 13+
Written work formats for Arithmetic and Algebra - a skill method and standard!
Complex Numbers Visually - best for ages 13+
Natural Logs, Exponentials, Powers, Roots

Division of Labour: This site offers advice and directions with pointers to resources elsewhere, if known, when they help or lessen the need to write more.

Parent Center: Help your child or teen learn:

Parent-friendly Work Booklets for ages 3+ to 13 Use these or others to check or build skills. Other booklets are available but these booklets allow parents unsure of themselves in mathematics to help their children. The selection acquired in Canada is published in the USA. So it has a US orientation. In retrospect, the selection shows parents what to check with the booklets or by other ways, the choice is theirs. But in retrospect, the selection does not cover integral and fractions liquid weights and measures - ask the publishers to correct that! For ages 9 to 12 say, parents may compensate by showing boys and girls how to use weights or mass, and further measures in food preparation. Beyond that children may be shown how to measure and calculate angles, lengths and areas [proportional amounts too] directly or by using maps and plans drawns to scale. Learning how to gather and measure all the ingredients, pots and pans for a dish or a meal, along with cleaning up sets the stage for like activities or experiments in science courses, and in developing organizational skills, gives boys and girls a head start. Good luck. At the other extreme, more comprehensive than light, if your motto is McCainian: drill, drill, drill then Toronto mathematician and actor John Mighton's jump math organization has jump math workbooks for at least grades 3 to 8 for at-home and in-school use - training sessions for teachers available. Jump math has been expanding to cover older students. Jump Math Samples: plus Fractions for Grades 3-4 & Grades 5-6 [Read] Free Resources grades 1 to 8 [unread - likely to be good]. and

Mathematics Skills For Ages 3 to 14 - technical!

Skills with take home value - A few ideas

Basic skills include time-date-calendar Matters; money matters; map, plan and scale diagram matters;counting, measuring and figuring; decision making with logic and likelyhood; being careful and being aware of the domino effect of mistakes; reading and writing with precision.

Is your child able to add, subtract and multiply amounts of money, work with fractions, work with clocks and calendars, work with maps and plans, and measure length, weight-mass and volume? Schools may promote your son or daughter without providing basic skills in reading, writing and arithmetic.

Arithmetic and Number Theory Skills

Algebra Starter Lessons

1 Working With Sets
2 Formula Forward Use - Evaluation
3 Solving Linear Equations - Skip first step with students able to solve 1 eqn in 1 unknown.
4 Computation Rules and Function Notation
5 Real Numbers
6 More Less Greater Than Inequalities and Comparison
7 Axioms Logic and Equivalent Equations
8 Unifying Theme For Algebra
9 Proportionality Backwards and Forwards
10 Examples of Algebraic Reasoning
A Origins of Counting and Figuring Methods
B Real Numbers Extrinsic Development


Site coverage of formuala evaluation format, of computation rules and axioms, and of the forward and backward use of formulas and proportionality relations lessens the amount of natural talent needed to understand and explain algebra.

Geometry - maps plans trigonometry vectors

1 Maps Plans Measurement
2 Euclidean Geometry - Constructions + extras
3 Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
4 Lines and Slopes Take 1
5 What is Similarity
6 Trigonometry first steps
7 Complex Numbers
8 Unit-Circle Trigonometry
9 Lines and Slopes Take 2 with tangent function
10 Intersecting Straight Lines and Transversals
11 Parallel Straight Lines and Transversals
12 Function Translating and Rescaling
13 Vectors
14 Degrees to Radians and Radians to Degrees
15 Arc or Inverse Trigonometric Function

Pre-Teen and young teen mastery of skills and practices which should be common with map-plans-diagrams drawn to scale, contour interpretation included, has actual or potential take-home value for daily- and adult-life in solving routine problems. Elevating some practices to principles, axioms or postualates, provides a base for analytic and Euclidean geometry, an analytic view of similarity, and an efficient mastery of trigonometry and complex numbers. Right triangle trigonometry provide an analytic alternative to solving geometric problems by drawing diagrams to scale.

More Algebra

Natural-Logarithms Exponentials Powers Roots
Five Polynomial Operations
Quadratics Geometrically
Functions
5 Factored Polynomial Sign Analysis Examples
Rewriting algebraic substitution as function substitutions

The first topic leads to a full high school level theory for the forward and backward mastery of growth and decay models and for definition, range and domains of radicals, roots and powers. The next two topics make quadratics and polynomials easier to learn and teach. Site coverage of functions turns vertical and horizontal line rules into computation methods for evaluating functions.

70 Calculus Starter Lessons

Calculus Lessons Elsewhere:

  1. How to Ace Calculus: Street Wise Guide - Mostly Text.

  2. Flash Video for Calculus Phobics

They cover basic topics in ways likely to complement your notes, your textbooks and site material. When Goldilocks trespassed in the house of the three bears, she found three bowls of porridge, two not to her liking, and one just right. Different bears have different tastes. As invited guest here and elsewhere, if one or more explanations is not to liking, try another. It may be better or just right.

Unsolicited Advice

Learning to do and high marks if it comes to easy is often deceptive - light rather than deep. For that reason, students with learning difficulties determined not to let it get in their way may go deeper and farther than those with none. High marks, if the come easy, may be deceptive - provide a too light and not a deep mastery. That could have been your problem in secondary school, one that leads to comprehension shock or difficulties in calculus and more generally in the first year of college. Bon Appetite.


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Home < Work and Study Tips << R Why Learn Mathematics Skills

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Logic-Reason for all
Careful Thinking
Chains of Reason
Mathematical Induction
Responsibility
Bodies-of-Knowledge

Arithmetic - Ages 10+
1. Deciml Place Value - fun
2. Decimals for Tutors
3. Prime Factors - quickly
4. Fractions + Ratios
5. Arith with units - science

Geometry
1 Maps + Plans Use
2 Euclidean Geometry
3 Rct +Polr Coordinates
4 Lines-Slopes [I]
5. What is Similarity
Algebra Starters - the base
1. Better Work Format
2. Solve Linear Eqns
3. Computation Rules
4. Axioms, Item 3 Viewpnt
5. Formulas Backwards
More Algebra
Logarithms-ax & m/nth roots
Five Polynomial Operations
Quadratics Geometrically
Functions || Vectors too
Arith. Skill Check+Answers
Calculus Prep/Preview
What is a Variable
Why study slopes
Why factor polynomials
Complex Numbers
Limits + Continuity

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