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Home < - Volume 1B Mathematics Curriculum Notes << Chapter 5 Four References

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Chapter 5, Four References

Volume 1B, Mathematics Curriculum Notes

1. The VNR Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics

Applications of mathematics in money computations, geometry, navigation, surveying and so on, are found in the following encyclopedia – one reference for subjects for further inquiry.
The VNR Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics by W. Gellert, H. Küstner, M. Hellwich & H. Kästner, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1975 (or 1977). 450 West 33rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10001 (circa 1977) 750+ pages. ISBN: 0-442-22646-2 (hard cover) and ISBN:0-442-22647-0 (paperback).
This is a beautiful work. It has many colored pages and many diagrams. This work gives a broad overview of mathematical ideas from advanced high school to specialized studies in college or university. It contains many worked examples. Every high school math and science teacher should own or have access to a copy of this encyclopedia. So should every gifted student taking mathematics at the high school level and above. A copy of it should be in every school and community library. If not, strongly suggest that one should be ordered[1].
[1] This work is now out of print. The Thompson publishing company, telephone 1-800-865-5840 in North America, now has the rights to the work, or its successor with a different ISBN number. This author hopes that the work will be reprinted, hardcover, with multi-coloured pages as before.
VNR also produced the James and James, VNR Mathematics Dictionary, third edition of 1968. This may also be of interest. The first edition appeared in 1942. (VNR has or had a remarkable collection of works in science and mathematics. Their issuance was a public service.)

2. Historical Topics for the Mathematics Classroom

Providing information about the origin of terms and methods is one way to nurture a knowledge of mathematics and its origins. An effort in this direction is provided by the book
Historical Topics for the Mathematics Classroom, by J. K. Baumgart et al, published by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1969, second edition 1989, 1906 Association Drive, Reston, Virginia, USA 22091.
In this reference, two sections or articles provide background information which support, I think, the perspectives on algebra and the development of mathematics given in this work and its companions. 1. The elementary section: The History of Algebra, an Overview, by J. K. Baumgart. This section briefly mentions the transition of algebraic thought from words only to symbolic. 2. The less elementary section: Development of Modern Mathematics, an Overview, by R. L. Wilder. This section briefly indicates that from 1930 to 1950, the set-theory perspective went from a curious part to an essential part of mathematics. The bibliographies A and B in this book, one more recent than the other, provide further references for the study of mathematics or its instruction.

3. Secondary School Mathematics

The previously mentioned work, the 1965 book Secondary School Mathematics by J. J. Kinsella, published by The Center for Applied Research in Education, Inc., New York, is another reference. It describes mathematics instruction from the early 1900s to the 1960s in North America. Many of its comments are still valid.

4. Mathematical Thought From Ancient to Modern Times

Morris Kline’s work Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times, today appears as three volumes (1990, published by Oxford University Press). It was first published as one book in 1972 by the same press. This work gives an overview of the discipline, the strands of reason and geometric thought that entered into it in rigorous and not so rigorous fashion. This work describes the changing nature of mathematics. Mathematics apart from geometry was not a deductive exercise. In particular, the symbolic reasoning of algebra, also called analysis from 1700 to 1900 was a tool with useful results – faith in it would follow usage. There was no rigorous and no precise thought-based foundation. The material underlying algebraic or symbolic analysis treatment of calculation, that is the concept of number (whole, fractional, negative, imaginary, complex) was only clarified gradually. This work describes mathematical knowledge before its deductive codification, that is, its derivation in an axiomatic framework for sets and arithmetic. This reference is more technical than the rest, and may need to be sampled rather than read from end to end in the first instance. Its eventual comprehension could be the target of a college student specializing in mathematics.

Teachers & Tutors: Site pages offer better or best practices for providing skills - simpler than expected & comprehensive but for exercises. For your charges, your duty is to study them alone or in groups and develop skill building exercises & activities to share. Start now. The effort here is the best I can do. Others are welcome to refine or exceed it. Please do.

Secondary Mathematics for Ages 11+, A Practical Approach for home-tutoring or -schooling, or for schools & colleges with local curriculum control. Study how to include site content - its skill development how-TOs and innovations into present or future lesson plans - some reading required.

Road Safety Messages and Questions: When and why should you face traffic when walking along a road or cycle path? Is it a good idea to hang limbs outside of cars etc? What gives more protection in a crash: a car, motorbike or bicycle? See too, the BBC-Belgium story Texting and Driving - texting & the impossible test - the article links to a gruesome utube video on the subject

The Logic of Injustice: How Texas sent an innocent man to his death - The wrong Carlos. Some judgments are irreversible. Procescution: Where and when prosectors play to win rather than for justice, guilt beyond a reasonable doubt goes unrespected due to prosecutors who putting winning first, those innocence before the law may be convicted. Some procescutors offices in continuing to accuse after a pardon due to reasonable doubt or innocent being shown, may sucessfully oppose compensaton for false convictions by asserting a pardon individual is still under suspicion. Then the pardoned individual or the latter's estate is not compensation for years or decade of improper or false imprisonment, or for execution. Site chapters on Logic
and some in Pattern Based Reason may slowly lead to greater precision in reading, applying and writing laws.

May 2012, Composition Starting: Pre-School and Primary Mathematics - Quantitative Skills, An Intellectual View, Feedback Welcome:

The 8 Most Popular Site Inlinks

20 Times Table - the most popular site page - popular pages - unexpected.
Fractions & Ratios - with lesson on raising terms to introduce & justify times, division & comparison as well addition & subtraction
Parent Center - See below
Volume 1, Elements of Reason - Intro to all site books.
What is a Variable - best for ages 13+
Written work formats for Arithmetic and Algebra - a skill method and standard!
Complex Numbers Visually - best for ages 13+
Natural Logs, Exponentials, Powers, Roots

Division of Labour: This site offers advice and directions with pointers to resources elsewhere, if known, when they help or lessen the need to write more.

Parent Center: Help your child or teen learn:

Parent-friendly Work Booklets for ages 3+ to 13 Use these or others to check or build skills. Other booklets are available but these booklets allow parents unsure of themselves in mathematics to help their children. The selection acquired in Canada is published in the USA. So it has a US orientation. In retrospect, the selection shows parents what to check with the booklets or by other ways, the choice is theirs. But in retrospect, the selection does not cover integral and fractions liquid weights and measures - ask the publishers to correct that! For ages 9 to 12 say, parents may compensate by showing boys and girls how to use weights or mass, and further measures in food preparation. Beyond that children may be shown how to measure and calculate angles, lengths and areas [proportional amounts too] directly or by using maps and plans drawns to scale. Learning how to gather and measure all the ingredients, pots and pans for a dish or a meal, along with cleaning up sets the stage for like activities or experiments in science courses, and in developing organizational skills, gives boys and girls a head start. Good luck. At the other extreme, more comprehensive than light, if your motto is McCainian: drill, drill, drill then Toronto mathematician and actor John Mighton's jump math organization has jump math workbooks for at least grades 3 to 8 for at-home and in-school use - training sessions for teachers available. Jump math has been expanding to cover older students. Jump Math Samples: plus Fractions for Grades 3-4 & Grades 5-6 [Read] Free Resources grades 1 to 8 [unread - likely to be good]. and

Mathematics Skills For Ages 3 to 14 - technical!

Skills with take home value - A few ideas

Basic skills include time-date-calendar Matters; money matters; map, plan and scale diagram matters;counting, measuring and figuring; decision making with logic and likelyhood; being careful and being aware of the domino effect of mistakes; reading and writing with precision.

Is your child able to add, subtract and multiply amounts of money, work with fractions, work with clocks and calendars, work with maps and plans, and measure length, weight-mass and volume? Schools may promote your son or daughter without providing basic skills in reading, writing and arithmetic.

Arithmetic and Number Theory Skills

Algebra Starter Lessons

1 Working With Sets
2 Formula Forward Use - Evaluation
3 Solving Linear Equations - Skip first step with students able to solve 1 eqn in 1 unknown.
4 Computation Rules and Function Notation
5 Real Numbers
6 More Less Greater Than Inequalities and Comparison
7 Axioms Logic and Equivalent Equations
8 Unifying Theme For Algebra
9 Proportionality Backwards and Forwards
10 Examples of Algebraic Reasoning
A Origins of Counting and Figuring Methods
B Real Numbers Extrinsic Development


Site coverage of formuala evaluation format, of computation rules and axioms, and of the forward and backward use of formulas and proportionality relations lessens the amount of natural talent needed to understand and explain algebra.

Geometry - maps plans trigonometry vectors

1 Maps Plans Measurement
2 Euclidean Geometry - Constructions + extras
3 Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
4 Lines and Slopes Take 1
5 What is Similarity
6 Trigonometry first steps
7 Complex Numbers
8 Unit-Circle Trigonometry
9 Lines and Slopes Take 2 with tangent function
10 Intersecting Straight Lines and Transversals
11 Parallel Straight Lines and Transversals
12 Function Translating and Rescaling
13 Vectors
14 Degrees to Radians and Radians to Degrees
15 Arc or Inverse Trigonometric Function

Pre-Teen and young teen mastery of skills and practices which should be common with map-plans-diagrams drawn to scale, contour interpretation included, has actual or potential take-home value for daily- and adult-life in solving routine problems. Elevating some practices to principles, axioms or postualates, provides a base for analytic and Euclidean geometry, an analytic view of similarity, and an efficient mastery of trigonometry and complex numbers. Right triangle trigonometry provide an analytic alternative to solving geometric problems by drawing diagrams to scale.

More Algebra

Natural-Logarithms Exponentials Powers Roots
Five Polynomial Operations
Quadratics Geometrically
Functions
5 Factored Polynomial Sign Analysis Examples
Rewriting algebraic substitution as function substitutions

The first topic leads to a full high school level theory for the forward and backward mastery of growth and decay models and for definition, range and domains of radicals, roots and powers. The next two topics make quadratics and polynomials easier to learn and teach. Site coverage of functions turns vertical and horizontal line rules into computation methods for evaluating functions.

70 Calculus Starter Lessons

Calculus Lessons Elsewhere:

  1. How to Ace Calculus: Street Wise Guide - Mostly Text.

  2. Flash Video for Calculus Phobics

They cover basic topics in ways likely to complement your notes, your textbooks and site material. When Goldilocks trespassed in the house of the three bears, she found three bowls of porridge, two not to her liking, and one just right. Different bears have different tastes. As invited guest here and elsewhere, if one or more explanations is not to liking, try another. It may be better or just right.

Unsolicited Advice

Learning to do and high marks if it comes to easy is often deceptive - light rather than deep. For that reason, students with learning difficulties determined not to let it get in their way may go deeper and farther than those with none. High marks, if the come easy, may be deceptive - provide a too light and not a deep mastery. That could have been your problem in secondary school, one that leads to comprehension shock or difficulties in calculus and more generally in the first year of college. Bon Appetite.


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Home < - Volume 1B Mathematics Curriculum Notes << Chapter 5 Four References

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6][7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]


Logic-Reason for all
Careful Thinking
Chains of Reason
Mathematical Induction
Responsibility
Bodies-of-Knowledge

Arithmetic - Ages 10+
1. Deciml Place Value - fun
2. Decimals for Tutors
3. Prime Factors - quickly
4. Fractions + Ratios
5. Arith with units - science

Geometry
1 Maps + Plans Use
2 Euclidean Geometry
3 Rct +Polr Coordinates
4 Lines-Slopes [I]
5. What is Similarity
Algebra Starters - the base
1. Better Work Format
2. Solve Linear Eqns
3. Computation Rules
4. Axioms, Item 3 Viewpnt
5. Formulas Backwards
More Algebra
Logarithms-ax & m/nth roots
Five Polynomial Operations
Quadratics Geometrically
Functions || Vectors too
Arith. Skill Check+Answers
Calculus Prep/Preview
What is a Variable
Why study slopes
Why factor polynomials
Complex Numbers
Limits + Continuity

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