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Home < francais < Volume 1A Regles et modeles << chapitre 07 00 Des chaines plus longues de la raison

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Chapitre 7. Des chaînes plus longues de la raison.

Ce chapitre explique une version de la raison inductive : l’approche récursive ou répétitive de mettre les règles d’implication à sens unique ensemble, l’une après l’autre.

Ce chapitre tire sa conclusion avec une description du principe de l’induction mathématique – une autre méthode pour obtenir des conclusions utilisées seulement dans les arguments ou les calculs mathématiques. Les mathématiques, c’est bien plus que seulement faire de l’arithmétique.

Souvenez-vous les règles, qui disent que lorsqu’une première situation survient ainsi en devrait une seconde, elles sont appelées des règles d’implication. Les règles d’implication peuvent être reliées ensemble, une après l’autre. Une histoire basée type échelles illustre bien l’idée sous-jacente . C’est ça qu’on appelle l’induction. Cette histoire mène à la notion appelée induction mathématique, une méthode de raisonnement ou de logique utilisée en mathématiques après que l’arithmétique pour obtenir des conclusions (ou gravir l’échelle). La méthode est décrite avec des mots d’abord, une histoire simple, et ensuite avec des notations sténographiées.

7.1 Roméo et Juliette

Imaginez-vous un héro, Roméo, s’en allant ballottant à dos de cheval vers une bâtisse très haute,(un château)

Il y a une échelle appuyée sur le mur de la bâtisse enlignée vers la fenêtre où Juliette demeure. Le premier barreau de l’échelle est à deux mètres ou plus (plusieurs pieds ou plus) du sol. L’échelle n’est pas cassée. Elle est en bonne condition. Une personne capable d’atteindre chaque barreau de l’échelle peut normalement atteindre le suivant. Question : Est-ce qu’un individu plein de capacité, Roméo, peut rejoindre Juliette se servant de l’échelle ? La réponse est oui à condition que Roméo puisse atteindre le premier barreau ou le barreau le plus bas de l’échelle. Sinon, la réponse est non. Les idées principales reliées à la logique dans cette histoire sont comme il suit :

  1. Il y a une longue échelle à grimper.
  2. Lorsqu’un barreau quelconque est atteint le barreau suivant et aussi atteignable. (L’échelle se doit d’être en bonne condition pour tenir le coup).
Le premier barreau ou celui qui est le plus bas peut-être atteignable.

Cette situation sous-entend que nous (Roméo) pouvons atteindre chaque barreau de l’échelle.

Notez bien que la longue échelle peut avoir un nombre fini de barreaux, par exemple 183. Alors, nous (ou Roméo) pouvons avec assez de temps et de patience, atteindre le dernier barreau, ou n’importe lequel d’entre eux. D’autre part, nous pouvons nous imaginer qu’une échelle pourrait avoir un nombre infini de barreaux. Pour chaque barreau qu’on prend, il y en a un autre possible. Par exemple, les nombres entiers que nous utilisons pour compter n’auraient pas de fin. Chaque nombre entier est suivi d’un autre- il s, agit seulement d’ajouter .

Maintenant supposons ou imaginons que nous avons une série de barreaux, une échelle quoi, qui se multiplient et se multiplient sans arrêt. Alors, armés d’assez de temps et de patience, nous pouvons atteindre n'importe lequel, que vous mentionnez. On retrouve l’exemple parfait en comptant. Nous pouvons compter à partir de 1, puis 2, puis3 et ainsi de suite.

Lorsque nous commençons à compter, il se peut que nous ayons un nombre fini d’objets à compter. Moyennant une assez longue vie, et assez de patience, le compte va venir à une fin. Mais si nous comptons des minutes, il y en aura toujours une autre à compter. Ce comptage de minutes n’aura pas de fin. Plus précisément, chacun de nous les compteurs va cesser, mais le comptage des minutes en principe va continuer. C'est-à-dire, ce comptage des minutes peut atteindre n’importe grand chiffre que vous désignez à l’avance avec ou sans vous.

En principe toutes les minutes après le commencement du comptage vont être saisies et comptées.

Afin de reformuler ce qui vient d’être dit, lorsqu’une échelle (ou route) avec plusieurs barreaux finis ou infinis, le premier barreau doit être atteignable. Lorsque cela survient, n’importe le nombre entier de barreaux le long de la route ou de l’échelle en question, il est atteignable.2

2- En pratique, si chaque barreau prend de temps, le nombre de barreaux atteignables dépendra de combien de temps il vous est disponible.

Avis : La conclusion que tous les barreaux peuvent être grimpés ne suit pas à partir du principe d’induction mathématique si l’échelle est cassée ou si le premier barreau n’est pas atteignable.3

3- ou si une tornade s’élève, ou si vous sous cassez une cheville, etc.

Vérifiez s’il y a de telles mauvaises situations quand vous voulez ce principe pour en arriver à une conclusion.

Guide de lecture

Le principe d’induction mathématique cité plus bas décrit l’idée de l’échelle dont on vient de parler en notation sténographiée algébrique très favorisée en mathématiques. La dernière partie de ce chapitre n’aura pas de sens pour vous si vous n’êtes pas familier avec la notation sténographiée. Si c’est la cas, vous pouvez sauter cette description de l’induction mathématique.

Teachers & Tutors: Site pages offer better or best practices for providing skills - simpler than expected & comprehensive but for exercises. For your charges, your duty is to study them alone or in groups and develop skill building exercises & activities to share. Start now. The effort here is the best I can do. Others are welcome to refine or exceed it. Please do.

Secondary Mathematics for Ages 11+, A Practical Approach for home-tutoring or -schooling, or for schools & colleges with local curriculum control. Study how to include site content - its skill development how-TOs and innovations into present or future lesson plans - some reading required.

Road Safety Messages and Questions: When and why should you face traffic when walking along a road or cycle path? Is it a good idea to hang limbs outside of cars etc? What gives more protection in a crash: a car, motorbike or bicycle? See too, the BBC-Belgium story Texting and Driving - texting & the impossible test - the article links to a gruesome utube video on the subject

The Logic of Injustice: How Texas sent an innocent man to his death - The wrong Carlos. Some judgments are irreversible. Procescution: Where and when prosectors play to win rather than for justice, guilt beyond a reasonable doubt goes unrespected due to prosecutors who putting winning first, those innocence before the law may be convicted. Some procescutors offices in continuing to accuse after a pardon due to reasonable doubt or innocent being shown, may sucessfully oppose compensaton for false convictions by asserting a pardon individual is still under suspicion. Then the pardoned individual or the latter's estate is not compensation for years or decade of improper or false imprisonment, or for execution. Site chapters on Logic
and some in Pattern Based Reason may slowly lead to greater precision in reading, applying and writing laws.

May 2012, Composition Starting: Pre-School and Primary Mathematics - Quantitative Skills, An Intellectual View, Feedback Welcome:

The 8 Most Popular Site Inlinks

20 Times Table - the most popular site page - popular pages - unexpected.
Fractions & Ratios - with lesson on raising terms to introduce & justify times, division & comparison as well addition & subtraction
Parent Center - See below
Volume 1, Elements of Reason - Intro to all site books.
What is a Variable - best for ages 13+
Written work formats for Arithmetic and Algebra - a skill method and standard!
Complex Numbers Visually - best for ages 13+
Natural Logs, Exponentials, Powers, Roots

Division of Labour: This site offers advice and directions with pointers to resources elsewhere, if known, when they help or lessen the need to write more.

Parent Center: Help your child or teen learn:

Parent-friendly Work Booklets for ages 3+ to 13 Use these or others to check or build skills. Other booklets are available but these booklets allow parents unsure of themselves in mathematics to help their children. The selection acquired in Canada is published in the USA. So it has a US orientation. In retrospect, the selection shows parents what to check with the booklets or by other ways, the choice is theirs. But in retrospect, the selection does not cover integral and fractions liquid weights and measures - ask the publishers to correct that! For ages 9 to 12 say, parents may compensate by showing boys and girls how to use weights or mass, and further measures in food preparation. Beyond that children may be shown how to measure and calculate angles, lengths and areas [proportional amounts too] directly or by using maps and plans drawns to scale. Learning how to gather and measure all the ingredients, pots and pans for a dish or a meal, along with cleaning up sets the stage for like activities or experiments in science courses, and in developing organizational skills, gives boys and girls a head start. Good luck. At the other extreme, more comprehensive than light, if your motto is McCainian: drill, drill, drill then Toronto mathematician and actor John Mighton's jump math organization has jump math workbooks for at least grades 3 to 8 for at-home and in-school use - training sessions for teachers available. Jump math has been expanding to cover older students. Jump Math Samples: plus Fractions for Grades 3-4 & Grades 5-6 [Read] Free Resources grades 1 to 8 [unread - likely to be good]. and

Mathematics Skills For Ages 3 to 14 - technical!

Skills with take home value - A few ideas

Basic skills include time-date-calendar Matters; money matters; map, plan and scale diagram matters;counting, measuring and figuring; decision making with logic and likelyhood; being careful and being aware of the domino effect of mistakes; reading and writing with precision.

Is your child able to add, subtract and multiply amounts of money, work with fractions, work with clocks and calendars, work with maps and plans, and measure length, weight-mass and volume? Schools may promote your son or daughter without providing basic skills in reading, writing and arithmetic.

Arithmetic and Number Theory Skills

Algebra Starter Lessons

1 Working With Sets
2 Formula Forward Use - Evaluation
3 Solving Linear Equations - Skip first step with students able to solve 1 eqn in 1 unknown.
4 Computation Rules and Function Notation
5 Real Numbers
6 More Less Greater Than Inequalities and Comparison
7 Axioms Logic and Equivalent Equations
8 Unifying Theme For Algebra
9 Proportionality Backwards and Forwards
10 Examples of Algebraic Reasoning
A Origins of Counting and Figuring Methods
B Real Numbers Extrinsic Development


Site coverage of formuala evaluation format, of computation rules and axioms, and of the forward and backward use of formulas and proportionality relations lessens the amount of natural talent needed to understand and explain algebra.

Geometry - maps plans trigonometry vectors

1 Maps Plans Measurement
2 Euclidean Geometry - Constructions + extras
3 Cartesian and Polar Coordinates
4 Lines and Slopes Take 1
5 What is Similarity
6 Trigonometry first steps
7 Complex Numbers
8 Unit-Circle Trigonometry
9 Lines and Slopes Take 2 with tangent function
10 Intersecting Straight Lines and Transversals
11 Parallel Straight Lines and Transversals
12 Function Translating and Rescaling
13 Vectors
14 Degrees to Radians and Radians to Degrees
15 Arc or Inverse Trigonometric Function

Pre-Teen and young teen mastery of skills and practices which should be common with map-plans-diagrams drawn to scale, contour interpretation included, has actual or potential take-home value for daily- and adult-life in solving routine problems. Elevating some practices to principles, axioms or postualates, provides a base for analytic and Euclidean geometry, an analytic view of similarity, and an efficient mastery of trigonometry and complex numbers. Right triangle trigonometry provide an analytic alternative to solving geometric problems by drawing diagrams to scale.

More Algebra

Natural-Logarithms Exponentials Powers Roots
Five Polynomial Operations
Quadratics Geometrically
Functions
5 Factored Polynomial Sign Analysis Examples
Rewriting algebraic substitution as function substitutions

The first topic leads to a full high school level theory for the forward and backward mastery of growth and decay models and for definition, range and domains of radicals, roots and powers. The next two topics make quadratics and polynomials easier to learn and teach. Site coverage of functions turns vertical and horizontal line rules into computation methods for evaluating functions.

70 Calculus Starter Lessons

Calculus Lessons Elsewhere:

  1. How to Ace Calculus: Street Wise Guide - Mostly Text.

  2. Flash Video for Calculus Phobics

They cover basic topics in ways likely to complement your notes, your textbooks and site material. When Goldilocks trespassed in the house of the three bears, she found three bowls of porridge, two not to her liking, and one just right. Different bears have different tastes. As invited guest here and elsewhere, if one or more explanations is not to liking, try another. It may be better or just right.

Unsolicited Advice

Learning to do and high marks if it comes to easy is often deceptive - light rather than deep. For that reason, students with learning difficulties determined not to let it get in their way may go deeper and farther than those with none. High marks, if the come easy, may be deceptive - provide a too light and not a deep mastery. That could have been your problem in secondary school, one that leads to comprehension shock or difficulties in calculus and more generally in the first year of college. Bon Appetite.


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Home < francais < Volume 1A Regles et modeles << chapitre 07 00 Des chaines plus longues de la raison

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17][18] [19]


Logic-Reason for all
Careful Thinking
Chains of Reason
Mathematical Induction
Responsibility
Bodies-of-Knowledge

Arithmetic - Ages 10+
1. Deciml Place Value - fun
2. Decimals for Tutors
3. Prime Factors - quickly
4. Fractions + Ratios
5. Arith with units - science

Geometry
1 Maps + Plans Use
2 Euclidean Geometry
3 Rct +Polr Coordinates
4 Lines-Slopes [I]
5. What is Similarity
Algebra Starters - the base
1. Better Work Format
2. Solve Linear Eqns
3. Computation Rules
4. Axioms, Item 3 Viewpnt
5. Formulas Backwards
More Algebra
Logarithms-ax & m/nth roots
Five Polynomial Operations
Quadratics Geometrically
Functions || Vectors too
Arith. Skill Check+Answers
Calculus Prep/Preview
What is a Variable
Why study slopes
Why factor polynomials
Complex Numbers
Limits + Continuity

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